Lexicographer review — Page 5 of 37 S1

discourage Verb

Instance: senseval3.d001.s026.t002 Dataset: Senseval-3

Third , the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office .

For example , first-term - term members of the House , once the most vulnerable of incumbents , have become virtually immune to defeat .

The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982 .

Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making , they were more vulnerable to defeat .

Fourth , the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office .

Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent .

To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner 's dilemma game works to their disadvantage , the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates .

Fifth , the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South .

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competitive Adjective

Instance: senseval3.d001.s027.t011 Dataset: Senseval-3

For example , first-term - term members of the House , once the most vulnerable of incumbents , have become virtually immune to defeat .

The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982 .

Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making , they were more vulnerable to defeat .

Fourth , the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office .

Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent .

To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner 's dilemma game works to their disadvantage , the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates .

Fifth , the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South .

To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies , voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office .

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proportion Noun

Instance: senseval3.d001.s039.t004 Dataset: Senseval-3

First , economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10 % more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do .

To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking , this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns .

Second , if the key assumption is valid , Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking .

This is indeed what the data indicate , particularly in the case of the House .

The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959 .

Finally , as shown in the table , Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices .

An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB- , moreover , reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise , due to their majority - party status , over other resources such as committee staff .

An additional piece of evidence from the Senate : Holding other factors constant , such as incumbency advantages and regional factors , the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government 's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB- .

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state Noun

Instance: senseval3.d001.s041.t028 Dataset: Senseval-3

Second , if the key assumption is valid , Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking .

This is indeed what the data indicate , particularly in the case of the House .

The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959 .

Finally , as shown in the table , Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices .

An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB- , moreover , reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise , due to their majority - party status , over other resources such as committee staff .

An additional piece of evidence from the Senate : Holding other factors constant , such as incumbency advantages and regional factors , the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government 's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB- .

Put more simply , GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner 's sentence is more severe .

Moreover , ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level .

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state Noun

Instance: senseval3.d001.s041.t034 Dataset: Senseval-3

Second , if the key assumption is valid , Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking .

This is indeed what the data indicate , particularly in the case of the House .

The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959 .

Finally , as shown in the table , Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices .

An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB- , moreover , reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise , due to their majority - party status , over other resources such as committee staff .

An additional piece of evidence from the Senate : Holding other factors constant , such as incumbency advantages and regional factors , the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government 's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB- .

Put more simply , GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner 's sentence is more severe .

Moreover , ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level .

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state Noun

Instance: senseval3.d001.s045.t008 Dataset: Senseval-3

An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB- , moreover , reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise , due to their majority - party status , over other resources such as committee staff .

An additional piece of evidence from the Senate : Holding other factors constant , such as incumbency advantages and regional factors , the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government 's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB- .

Put more simply , GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner 's sentence is more severe .

Moreover , ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level .

State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse .

A cross-state econometric investigation , furthermore , reveals that , holding other factors constant , the difference between a state 's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate .

In sum , at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation .

Mr. Zupan teaches at the University of Southern California 's business school .

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thing Noun

Instance: senseval3.d002.s029.t004 Dataset: Senseval-3

Then the auto paint shop fire sent an evil-looking cloud of black smoke into the air .

12:07 a.m .

ONEZIE :

My younger daughter and I are fine .

This building shook like hell and it kept getting stronger .

Except for the gas tank at Hustead 's Towing Service exploding and burning in downtown Berkeley , things here are quite peaceful .

A lot of car alarms went off .

The cats are fine , although nervous .

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unpredictable Adjective

Instance: senseval3.d002.s082.t005 Dataset: Senseval-3

I 'm just numb .

3:25 a.m .

MACPOST :

Downtown Bolinas seems to be the part of town that 's worst off .

No power , minimal phones , and a mess of mayonnaise , wine , and everything else all over the floors of the big old general store and the People 's Co-op .

The quivers move through my house every few minutes at unpredictable intervals , and the mouse that 's been living in my kitchen has taken refuge under my desk .

It runs out frantically now and then , and is clearly pretty distressed .

I was in Stinson Beach when the quake rolled through town .

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thing Noun

Instance: senseval3.d002.s086.t000 Dataset: Senseval-3

No power , minimal phones , and a mess of mayonnaise , wine , and everything else all over the floors of the big old general store and the People 's Co-op .

The quivers move through my house every few minutes at unpredictable intervals , and the mouse that 's been living in my kitchen has taken refuge under my desk .

It runs out frantically now and then , and is clearly pretty distressed .

I was in Stinson Beach when the quake rolled through town .

At first , we were unfazed .

Then as things got rougher , we ran for the door and spent the next few minutes outside watching the brick sidewalk under our feet oozing up and down , and the flowers waving in an eerie rhythm .

Amazing what it does to one 's heart rate and one 's short-term memory .

Everyone looked calm , but there was this surreal low level of confusion as the aftershocks continued .

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rhythm Noun

Instance: senseval3.d002.s086.t016 Dataset: Senseval-3

No power , minimal phones , and a mess of mayonnaise , wine , and everything else all over the floors of the big old general store and the People 's Co-op .

The quivers move through my house every few minutes at unpredictable intervals , and the mouse that 's been living in my kitchen has taken refuge under my desk .

It runs out frantically now and then , and is clearly pretty distressed .

I was in Stinson Beach when the quake rolled through town .

At first , we were unfazed .

Then as things got rougher , we ran for the door and spent the next few minutes outside watching the brick sidewalk under our feet oozing up and down , and the flowers waving in an eerie rhythm .

Amazing what it does to one 's heart rate and one 's short-term memory .

Everyone looked calm , but there was this surreal low level of confusion as the aftershocks continued .

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